# Python Course

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## Classes and Class Creation

### Behind the scenes: Relationship between Class and type

In this chapter of our tutorial, we will provide you with a deeper insight into the magic happening behind the scenes, when we are defining a class or creating an instance of a class. You may ask yourself: "Do I really have to learn theses additional details on object oriented programming in Python?" Most probably not, or you belong to the few people who design classes at a very advanced level.

First, we will concentrate on the relationship between type and class. When you have defined classes so far, you may have asked yourself, what is happening "behind the lines". We have already seen, that applying "type" to an object returns the class of which the object is an instance of:

    x = [4, 5, 9]
    y = "Hello"
    print(type(x), type(y))

We received the following output:

    <class 'list'> <class 'str'>

If you apply tpye on the name of a class itself, you get the class "type" returned.

    print(type(list), type(str))

We received the following result:

    <class 'type'> <class 'type'>

This is similar to applying type on type(x) and type(y):

    x = [4, 5, 9]
    y = "Hello"
    print(type(x), type(y))
    print(type(type(x)), type(type(y)))

The above code returned the following output:

    <class 'list'> <class 'str'>
    <class 'type'> <class 'type'>

A user-defined class (or class object) is an instance of the object named "type", which is itself a class.

So, we can see, that classes are created from type, or in other words: A class is an instance of the class "type". In Python3 there is no difference between "classes" and "types". They are in most cases used as synonyms.

The fact that classes are instances of a class "type" allows us to program metaclasses. We can create classes, which inherit from the class "type". So, a metaclass is a subclass of the class "type".

Instead of only one argument, type can be called with three parameters:

    type(classname, superclasses, attributes_dict)

If type is called with three arguments, it will return a new type object. This provides us with a dynamic form of the class statement.

- "classname" is a string defining the class name and becomes the name attribute;
- "superclasses" is a list or tuple with the superclasses of our class. This list or tuple will become the bases attribute;
- the attributes_dict is a dictionary, functioning as the namespace of our class. It contains the definitions for the class body and it becomes the dict attribute.

Let's have a look at a simple class definition:

    class A:
        pass
    x = A()
    print(type(x))

This gets us the following output:

    <class '__main__.A'>

We can use "type" for the previous class defintion as well:

    A = type("A", (), {})
    x = A()
    print(type(x))

The previous Python code returned the following result:

    <class '__main__.A'>

Generally speaking, this means, that we can define a class A with

    type(classname, superclasses, attributedict)

When we call "type", the call method of type is called. The call method runs two other methods: new and init:

    type.__new__(typeclass, classname, superclasses, attributedict)
    type.__init__(cls, classname, superclasses, attributedict)

The new method creates and returns the new class object, and after this the init method initializes the newly created object.

    class Robot:
        counter = 0
        def __init__(self, name):
            self.name = name
        def sayHello(self):
            return "Hi, I am " + self.name
    def Rob_init(self, name):
        self.name = name
    Robot2 = type("Robot2",
                  (),
                  {"counter":0,
                   "__init__": Rob_init,
                   "sayHello": lambda self: "Hi, I am " + self.name})
    x = Robot2("Marvin")
    print(x.name)
    print(x.sayHello())
    y = Robot("Marvin")
    print(y.name)
    print(y.sayHello())
    print(x.__dict__)
    print(y.__dict__)

After having executed the Python code above we received the following:

    Marvin
    Hi, I am Marvin
    Marvin
    Hi, I am Marvin
    {'name': 'Marvin'}
    {'name': 'Marvin'}

The class definitions for Robot and Robot2 are syntactically completely different, but they implement logically the same class.

What Python actually does in the first example, i.e. the "usual way" of defining classes, is the following: Python processes the complete class statement from class Robot to collect the methods and attributes of Robot to add them to the attributes_dict of the type call. So, Python will call type in a similar or the same way than we did in Robot2.

Previous Chapter: Slots
Next Chapter: Road to Metaclasses